Napoleon’s success in Europe to 1807 Essay

To what extent was Napoleon’s success in Europe to 1807 the consequences of his own military ability? Napoleon’s success in Europe to 1807 could not have been the consequences of a single factor, his own military ability, but rather a combination of linking, interdependent factors, some of which playing a greater role than others, but all helping Napoleon along the road to success. It is undeniable that if fate had given Napoleon an entirely different set of circumstances (if he had not been able to rise through the ranks as easily, if France had not the massive population it did e.t.c) then, no matter how intelligent or able he was, he would not have enjoyed the kind of success he did. Correlli Barnett, in his book Bonaparte, is very critical of Napoleon and his tactics, claiming that it was largely the incompetence and weaknesses of his enemies that enabled him to achieve success. For example, on the Battle of Ulm (October 1805), Barnett talks about what might have happened if Austria had a â€Å"general more active than Mack†, who broke out with a single Austrian corps right across Bonaparte’s communications. The Austrian army had an impressive artillery which could have posed a threat to Napoleon if combined with Russia, but there was no universal language, and with it’s varied ethnic and racial populations this was a huge problem – it slowed communication and often left many in a state of confusion. This also meant that there was no real national identity allowing the kind of patriotism that the French could use to fight with. The Russian army also had huge problems, one of the main ones being the fact that the soldiers did not want to be fighting a war at all. Surrounding the conscript army was a negative, fatalistic view of army life – a darkly amusing fact is that soldiers could often go to their own funeral before they were conscripted away to battle. Apart from the fact that they were treated like criminals, Russian soldiers were also poorly trained, severely lacking in tactical awareness and education. Prussia on the other hand, with its fine tradition, had a very strong army. However, the Prussian skirmishes were poor and the army missed a sense of individuality (instinct or initiative) and instead acted after strategic planning alone. Furthermore, the Prussian artillery could not come close to the French standards, being completely out gunned on some occasions, even when the French had far less numbers. The British army, before 1807, was not much of a force to be reckoned with – it was fairly tiny and was not as strong or quick as the French army. Even though the weaknesses of Napoleon’s enemies were rather considerable before 1807, he would not have been able to profit from these weaknesses if it were not for his military genius and the strength of his army. When he came to power, Napoleon inherited a huge and incredibly strong army to do with whatever he pleased. The French army fought for a cause. They were not as mercenaries, not as men impressed against their will, but as citizens honorably defending their revolution against its threatened destruction by outside forces. People were full of this revolutionary ardour and actively sought battle. This was a wholly new perspective of war and the causes it was fought for. Generally, Napoleon’s enemies fought Wars of maneuvers and not, unlike Napoleon’s army, with the intention of completely annihilating the enemy. They relied on aggressive shock tactics and the momentum of the bayonet charge to bring them success. The French fought with more purpose and feeling than any other nation because they had a war with a strong purpose – a terrorist war. Also, Napoleon’s army was blessed with a variety of talented commanders and officers. The great military theorist, the prussian, Von Clausewitz wrote ‘on war’ in 1832. In this he put forward his view that 1793 marked a turning point in the organization of armies and the conduct of war. He considered that both were changed forever by the creation of the year of the ‘French nation in arms’ (the levee en masse) that transformed limited war into total war. This refers to when the previous man in change of the army, Carnot, introduced a forced conscription to all able civilians. As well as conscription,1793 brought with it the first amalgame – the merging of remnants of the old army with the new. The introduction of veteran soldiers into the new army did much to bring order into its early chaotic organization without destroying its verve, and formed the fighting force which Napoleon used as the basis of his grande armee. The amalgame also brought a great deal of military experience to his army Furthermore, the sheer size of Napoleons inherited army was the largest ever seen in Europe, a million men, and provided him with the ammunition, if you like, to launch devastating attacks on his enemies. He therefore inherited significant developments which had been introduced by the Republic, and which he subsequently built upon. The strength of his army, however, would not have been anywhere near as impressive if he had not the domestic foundations for success or strength of mind to know what to do with it. France had a huge population of around 28 million (the largest population in any single state in Europe) and so simply had a greater number of men to choose from. This also enabled Carnot to introduce the levee en masse which enlisted a massive 80,000 men each year into the army, fueling France’s battles, which could be fought more often, more continuously and on more fronts than any other country. Although the large majority were from poor peasant families, universal conscription brought me from all classes together and created a new sense of unity in France. Also, France had a whole society organized for war. Napoleon had a military dictatorship so could use all the resources of the state and was not held accountable for his failures (e.g leaving armies in Egypt and Russia and losing 50,000 men a year as opposed to Wellington’s 6,000). This greater amount of authority meant that Napoleon could make all of his appointments personally, and not by advisors. e also created a meritocracy within the army, a kind of ‘privileged military caste’. This said that if you do well in the French army, you get rewards or offices of state (giving officers incentives to succeed). Furthermore, Napoleon controlled all press and channels of communication so could have a careful watch over his country and could make sure that all efforts were in favour of driving on the savage French war machine. Although the sheer size of the army enabled Napoleon to create his grande armee and the resources of France could be used to help the war effort, Napoleon’s ability and qualities as a general were absolutely vital in securing his success to 1807. Napoleon was widely known as being able to inspire loyalty. He gave the appearance of knowing everybody in his army and always knowing what was going on. He played on the ideas of military glory, of patriotism and comradeship, while giving at the same time the impression that he had a deep paternal concern for his men. For example, he would single people out and congratulate them by name, very personally. He used theatrical and emotive language in his bulletins and orders of the day to forge bonds between him and his soldiers. For example, in a Bulletin in 1805 he wrote that â€Å"The Emperor is among you†. Despite his generally unprepossessing appearance, when he wished to charm he could quickly win over anyone he met, however initially hostile he might be. This sort of confidence was also shown on the battlefield where Wellington observed that the effect of his presence was worth an additional force of 40,000 men to the French army. He was very charismatic and could play on the soldiers greed by promising loot, a material reward for their toils. He could also rally himself with them, â€Å"Whatever the obstacles we meet, we shall overcome them†. All these factors earned Napoleon the adoration of his soldiers. Whatever point of view one takes, it is a fact that Napoleon possessed a very gifted military mind. Napoleon’s prime tactic was to avoid a slugging match and focusing his strengths on the enemies weaknesses. He picked weakest spots and then blasted huge chunks out of them with his artillery. He had flexibility with his corps (taken from the ideas of Guibert), and would use them to come from unexpected directions and attack weak points. He was known for his pragmatism and opportunism, but there is a great debate over whether Napoleon was a great strategic planner or whether he was a scrambler, good at scrambling and improvising his way to victory. Gunther Rothenburg praises his qualities, but believed he was a ‘Planner’ instead of a scrambler, giving the example of his maneuver on Ulm which he describes as ‘well co-ordinated and swift’. However, historians such as Owen Connolly are critical of the traditional interpretation of Napoleon and says that he was a great improviser with no tactical doctrine who would simply profit from his enemy’s mistakes. Even though both of these historians, and many like them, disagree on this aspect of him, they both say that Napoleon was probably the greatest commander of all time. This shows that, even though he may have been gifted with extraordinary circumstances, Napoleon’s towering genius was the major driving force in his success and it is obvious that no ordinary commander could have gone as far as he did. After looking at various factors in Napoleon’s success in Europe to 1807, it is evident that the scale of Napoleons success was dependent on a number of things; population size, Carnot’s policy of conscription, French resources and the relative weakness of his enemies. Napoleon’s journey to success was paved by a number of these absolutely crucial factors, without which no success would have been possible. Even though his military ability was one of these vital paving stones, one cannot really argue that it was more or less important than other crucial factors because they were all instrumental in allowing the extent of extent of Napoleon’s success to be realized. However, I am positive that if Napoleon did have a less fortunate army given to him when he came to power, his enemies stronger, and the potential opportunity for success had not been so great, he would still have made the best out of what he had and would have made relative success, showing his huge military capabilities.

Effects of Junk food Essay

The moons of Saturn are a very interesting topic to research. Before beginning this amazing journey on the moons, first we must do a brief overview of the planet Saturn. Saturn is the sixth largest planet from the sun; it is very large and does not have very much water. This research paper will explore the different moons, the names, atmosphere, similarities and sizes of the moons. Saturn has 62 moons that have been discovered but only 52 have been given an official name while the others still are waiting to have specific information found out about them to give them a name. Only 18 moons have been officially sanctioned by the International Astronomical Union. The names of the moons come from characters in Greek and Roman mythology. The moons are made up of about 30 to 40 percent rock and about 60 to 70 percent water. The Saturn Moons so diversity in many area, let’s explore their differences. Since there are too many to name we will discuss the more poplar moons. Pan- Named a fter the Greek God of the wild, it is about 20km in diameter and its mass is 11x 10 15th lbs. Saturn is at a distance of 83,000 miles and has an orbital period around Saturn is 13.8 hours. Pan was discovered in 1990 by the Voyager team. A Pan orbit within the Encke Gap which is located in the Saturn’s A ring. The Encke Gap is a space in the A ring that helps Pan to orbit around Saturn. Helene- named after Greek goddess Helene popularly known as Helene of Troy and the name means torch. Helene’s moon is an irregular shape in body and is measured about36 x 32 x 30 km in diameter. The moon orbits Saturn at 234,500 in distance and its mass is 8x 10by 17. The surface materials are composed of particularly dark and organic rich mater and condense ices. Helene was discovered by P. Laques and J. Leacheus in the year 1990. Dione- Named after  Greek goddess Dione and the mother for Aphrodite she was describe as a temple associate. Dione is about 1,118km is diameter and has a density of 1.43gm/cm the rest is ice. The temperature is extremely cold and the distance from Saturn is 377,400 km, and includes crater area that measure about 100 km in diameter. Dione was discovered in 1684 by Giovanni Cassini. Rhea- Named after the god of fruitfulness the mother of Poseidon. Rhea is far away from and the second largest moon of Saturn. It is 1,528 km in size, its distance from the sun is 527,040 and it mass is2.31 x 10 sub 21 kg. Rhea’s temperature is cold like Dione and only one side of its surface faces Saturn. The surface of Rhea is a mixture of ice and rock similar to a frozen dirty snowball. Dione was discovered in 1672 by Giovanni Cassini. Mimas- Named after the Greek god giant of war. It looks like a bull’s eye by viewing in space. The surface of is covered with impact craters due to shock waves that happens on the moon which measure is size of about 40 kg . It is also very low in density and is composed of mostly water with small amounts of rock. The distance from Saturn is 185,520km, the period of orbit around Saturn is 22.6 hrs and its mass is 3.81 x 10 sub 19kg. The temperature of Mimas is minus 344 degrees Fahrenheit. It was discovered by Williams Herschel in 1789. Enceladus- Named the god that was responsible for tremors and volcanoes, and he was considered the leader of the giants. Distance from the Saturn is 237,378 km, about 512 x 494Ãâ€"489 km in diameter, its mass id 1.2 x 10 sub 20 kg. The period Encelasus orbit around Saturn is 32.8 hours. It is also covered in water ice and is about -330 degrees Fahrenheit. It also reflects the sunlight. It was di scovered by Williams Herschel in 1789. Titan- Named after group Greek gods who ruled the cosmos. Titan is largest of the Saturn’s moon and is the most Earthlike of its kind; it looks a lot like a frozen version of the plant earth. The surface is very cold; it has a temperature of -290 degrees Fahrenheit and has a thick atmosphere but does not hold gravity well. Titan’s atmosphere has an altitude 10 times higher than or nearly 600 km into space as oppose to the earth. According to a space expedition in 1980 by the Voyager 1Titan showed to only have air pressure of one and a half at sea level and four times as dense of the earth. Titan has chemical readings is mostly gas about 95% nitrogen and 5% methane, which are two chemicals that are present in earth’s surface. Nitrogen help produces this thick smog like cloud that can hold water and  produces rain. With the help of methane which is a gas allows the cloud s rain to produce or rain down liquids similar to gasoline. Titan orbits Saturn 1.2 million km or 745,000 miles it take16 days to make complete circle. The radius is 2,575 km and 112 km in diameter. The Greek mythology of how the naming group of Titans , hence thus the naming of the moons came about, the Titans devoured the limbs of Dionysus, the son of Zeus (the god of thunder and war) was intended to have dominion over the world. Zeus was so angry he struck the titans with lighting and the fire burned them to ashes. The moons of Saturn are too numerous to number, just like the story of the Titans. They all have their own characteristics, this paper only names a few, here are the rest: Aegean, Aegir, Albiorix, Anthe, Benhionn, Bergeimir, Calypso, Dapjnis, Epimetheus, Erriapus, Farbauti, Fenrir, Fornjot, Greip, Hati, Hyperion, Hyrrokkin, Lapetus, Lijraq, Janus, Jamsaxa, Kari, Kiviug, Loge, Methone, Mundifari, Narvi, Paaliaq, Pallene, Phoebe, Polydueces, Siamaq, Skadi, Skoll, Suttung, Tarqeq, Telesto, Tethys, Thrym, Ymir. The names of these moons will continue to grow as new moons are discovered. The moons will begin the naming process which astronomer gives each moon a temporary name that will follow this format S/2011-S1. The first S stands for Saturn and the second S after the stands for its satellite or location in space. Then the names are assigning by the International Astronomical Union. In conclusion, with the study of the moons of Saturn we learned that some range very large in size. We also learned the amount of time it takes each moon s to orbit Saturn. The time varies amongst the moon of Saturn. The all of the temperature each of the moons are too cold for human life to be sustained, and the surfaces of each one of the moons are somewhat similar; with the exception of the moon Titan. During the study of the Titan moons the discovery of the similarities between the planet Earth and Titan’s atmosphere. The naming of the moons came from Greek mythology and the history of the Greek gods were interesting the in its own way. Finally, scientists are still discover ing new moons in Saturn’s atmosphere, as of today there are only 53 moons officially named; who knows how many more are lurking out there. References The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2008. Retrieved November 29, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Pan-ast.html Hatzitsinidou, Evangelia. (2005-2011). Greek-Gods.Info Gods and Goddess of Ancient Greece. October 26,2011, http://www.greek-gods.info/greek-mythology/a.php Munsell,Kirk. (2011). Cassini Solstice Misson. November 23, 2011, http://www.jpl.nasa.gov./science/mooms

Being A Woman Is Hard - 1836 Words

Being a woman is hard this times. Violet, an eleven-year old girl, walked home with her friends after a long afternoon doing homework at her best friend house, when a group of three boys in bicycles passed touching their butts and kept pedaling as if was the most normal thing to do. Violet didn’t talk about this to her parents because from what she’s heard, this happens to a lot of women and they should get used to it. she didn’t speak up when it happened again in a haunted house in her vacation trip or when she walked outside home and heard guys â€Å"compliments† about her physical look. No. She accepted it and live with it for the rest of her life. On the other side, Thomas, a fifteen-year old and his other two friends decide to go to play†¦show more content†¦Devor states, â€Å"Femininity must be expressed through modes of dress, movement, speech, and action which communicate weakness, dependency, ineffectualness, availability for sexual or emotional service, and sensitivity to the needs of others† (476). Society creates this stereotypes that all women should follow; to be more feminine, clean the kitchen, take care of the kids and not work because your husband is the one in charge of the house. Women should like these because in societies eye is the only way they could get a partner, and men see these characteristics as attractive. Women are expected to act like a â€Å"Lady†. According to Girl, by Jamaica Kincaid, â€Å"Always eat your food in such a way that it won’t turn someone else’s stomach; on Sundays try to walk like a lady and not like the slut you are so bent on becoming† (469). In this world if some girls like to do â€Å"guy† stuff, they are called out by other girls, and at the same time there is this pressure of behaving correctly, the pressure of be some true women and don’t get reject by others and end up alone for their entire life. Submissive attitude equals successful marriage and it goes on hand with being insecure, because if they are insecure it means they are easy to play with. When it comes to women, society has put on them â€Å"tags† that means the way they dress is who they are. â€Å"All women are vulnerable in a culture in which there is such wide spread objectification of women’s bodies† (Kilbourne 504). TheyShow MoreRelatedEssay about Woman’s Work697 Words   |  3 Pagesscientic experiment to show that sleep ins’t necessary to human life,† mentions grinning.com. Women work twice as hard. Unlike man, after a longs day of work he can come home and rest. 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Essay on Biography of Karl Marx - 787 Words

Karl Marx is the revolutionary founding father of communism and Marxism, while Niccolo Machiavelli expounded upon the concept of realism through his work The Prince. These two concepts have been the foundations that various countries and governments have tried to utilize in hopes of constructing a utopian society. Karl Marx was born in 1818 in Trier Germany, studying history, philosophy, and law at the universities of Berlin, Jena, and Bonn. Karl Marx did not like the production portion of Capitalism; he found it to be a signal of great trouble. Marx believed that the production stage of capitalism worked in a way that the rich owners of these companies benefited whereas the poor workers did not. So the rich will get richer and the poor†¦show more content†¦Therefore, states will act as rationally as possible to protect themselves, utilizing whatever necessary means and power to secure them. Countries would stock pile and hoard all elements of national power like political s tability, abundance of raw material, cultural hegemony, economic capabilities, etc. but never really engage in conflict. A good correlation to this theory is the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union. Both countries never directly engaged in conflict with one another, but they knew of each other’s capabilities and in return created stock piles of nuclear weapons, creating an arms race (Taylor 2011, pg 138). At the same time realists believe that international institutions are not as significant as understanding what the capabilities are of their country and where it ranks within the international system. The biggest concept behind realism is expounded upon in Machiavelli’s work The Prince, where he elaborates on the significance that power is the answer to end all political conflict and one should strive to maximize their individual power (Political Realism). 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How Has the Experience of Cinema-Going Changed over the...

MAS205 Ââ€" Essay #1 Question 1 The film-industry has changed dramatically since its birth over a century ago. With these changes have also come great changes in the cinema-going experience. In the MAS205 unit reader for 2005, a number of the readings aim to address many aspects of the experience of cinema-going. Included in the unit reader are pieces by Barthes, Carriere, Sontag, Moore and Lowenstein. Each of these writers has varying feelings to cinema-going over the past century and this essay will aim to address these different aspects. Roland Barthes in his article ‘Leaving the Movie Theatre provides us with an interesting way of looking at cinema-going. He paints a picture at the start of his article about moviegoers always leaving†¦show more content†¦Sontags article ‘A Century of Cinema describes cinemas cycle over the past hundred years as moving from glorious to dull and is an overall criticism of the industry now. She rightly points out that films nowadays have to really do something special, namely violate the norms and practices which now govern movie-making everywhere in the capitalist and would-be capitalist world in order for us to admire them (Sontag, S. 1997). Cinema has moved in a more commercial direction, concentrating on quantity, not quality, rather than remaining purely an art form. What this means for cinema today is that a movie is less likely to stand the test of time and leave a lasting impression in our mind because all they are good for now is their entertainment value. Another point raised by Sontag was that cinema in its early days had a unique ability to ‘kidnap its audience. She felt that seated in the dark among anonymous strangersÂ…you learned how to walk, to smoke, to kiss, to fight, to grieve as well as losing yourself in faces, in lives that were not yours. (Sontag, S. 1997) This, contrary to what Sontag argues, is still applicable today. There are many audience members, today and in previous years, which idolize certain film actors and/or characters. As a result, they base their actions around their hero would do, such as repeating famous quotes from movies in everyday conversations. SontagShow MoreRelatedEmergence of Television as a Mass Media2924 Words   |  12 Pageswere any other 20th century developments in the media how far do you agree with this judgement as applied to the growth of leisure opportunities in Britain during the course of the 20th century as a whole?† Since the beginning of the twentieth century and before the media has been a principle tenant of British culture, the leisure time and expendable income of the British public has grown in unison with the media empire which facilitates it. 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Mining Health Care Data To Predict Incidence Of Diabetes - Samples

Question: Discuss about the Mining Health Care Data To Predict Incidence Of Diabetes. Answer: Introduction The use of Data mining is evident in the examination of large datasets for extracting concealed and unexplored data patters, knowledge and relationship. This method is conducive in gathering information where the traditional statistical method is not useful. Data mining in healthcare is an emerging concept which has led to better understanding of the medical data. In general, the rapid growing success of the application of the data mining tools is observed in wide range of application such as analysis of organic compounds, financial forecasting, healthcare and weather forecasting. The practice of data mining in health-care centres is ensures better health policy-making and prevention of hospital errors. The application of the data mining concept is further identified with early detection of the disease, disease prevention, detecting fraudulent insurance claims, cost savings and ensuring more value for money. As per the various types of the previous empirical research evidence, the us e of data mining techniques are used for the diagnosis of different diseases. Some of the most evident form of the disease are seen with the diagnosis of diabetes, stroke, cancer, and heart disease (Raghupathi 2016). Motivation The researchers are seen to be motivated by the worldwide increase in the mortality rate due to diabetes worldwide in the last 10 years. The increasing mortality rate due to diabetes every year and huge availability of data has led to extract useful and knowledgeable information by using data mining techniques for assisting the healthcare specialists in the diagnosis of diabetes. Some of the other reasons for the motivation is taken into account with the developing a tool to be embedded in the hospitals management to provide information to the healthcare professionals (Tsai et al. 2014). This is seen in providing suitable treatment and diagnosis of the diabetes associated diseases. This is observed with diagnosis of diabetes disease such as Nave Bayes, Decision Tree, neural network, kernel density, automatically defined groups, bagging algorithm, and support vector machine showing different levels of accuracies (Chaurasia 2017). The application of data mining in the diagnosis and treatment is helpful for the identification of the research plans among diabetes patients to formulate a treatment plan. It is further seen that the hospitals are not seen to provide equal quality in the diabetes related disease. Henceforth, it is important that a suitable research is conducted to Diabetes disease professionals are having sufficient information of the patients data. It is also considered to be useful in analysing the datasets to extract the valuable knowledge. The data mining is considered as an active tool for the analysing the data to extract the useful knowledge. Some of the main form of the data mining techniques are seen with clustering of the task, maintaining classification trees and producing rule based algorithms which will be conducive in producing a set of rules implemented to classify data (Jothi and Husain 2015). Research Questions The research aims to identify and address the following research questions: What are the main present problems in research techniques in identifying diabetes disease diagnosis and treatment procedures? What are gaps in in the research on diabetes disease diagnosis and treatment? How reliable are mining techniques to diabetes disease treatment in controlling and diagnosis of diabetes disease? Which aspect of the prediction of diabetes symptoms are best traced with the application of data mining techniques? Conclusion It has been discerned that data mining is considered as an effective tool for the analysing the data to extract the useful knowledge. Some of the main form of the data mining techniques are seen with clustering of the task, maintaining classification trees and producing rule based algorithms which will be conducive in producing a set of rules implemented to classify data. The final assessment will be able to contribute to the early detection of the disease, disease prevention, detecting fraudulent insurance claims, cost savings and ensuring more value for money. The research will be able to further contribute to the study of diagnosis of diabetes disease such as Nave Bayes, Decision Tree, neural network, kernel density, automatically defined groups, bagging algorithm, and support vector machine showing different levels of accuracies. The main research questions will be addressed with the identification of the research gaps p in identifying diabetes disease diagnosis and treatment pro cedures. In addition to this, the study will be able to state on the reliability of the mining techniques to diabetes disease treatment in controlling and diagnosis of diabetes disease. References Chaurasia, V., 2017. Early prediction of heart diseases using data mining techniques. Jothi, N. and Husain, W., 2015. Data mining in healthcarea review.Procedia Computer Science,72, pp.306-313. Raghupathi, W., 2016. Data mining in healthcare.Healthcare Informatics: Improving Efficiency through Technology, Analytics, and Management, pp.353-372. Tsai, C.W., Lai, C.F., Chiang, M.C. and Yang, L.T., 2014. Data mining for Internet of Things: A survey.IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials,16(1), pp.77-97.

Jade Peony Post-Colonial Terms Essay Example

Jade Peony: Post-Colonial Terms Paper To begin, Third Space, when an individual finds himself in between two cultures, belonging to either. This is relevant and clearly shown in the novel Jade Peony by Ways Choc, through the character Seeks. Seeks born in Canada, is of Chinese descent, but he associates himself towards Canada. He is poor with Chinese terms and titles, but is good with English, since he constantly reads magazines and books. Yet, he is not truly Canadian, since he is not a citizen, labeled a resident alien (Ways Choc, Jade Peony, 1 58), and is very much visible to the whites. Another example of how postcolonial terms apply to the novel through third space, can clearly be shown when looking at the hearted Kook-Liana. In the novel look-Liana expresses her dreams and interests, through tap-dancing, and yearns to become a movie star. Kook Liana is again criticized by her grandmother, This useless only-granddaughter wants to be Shirr-lee Tem-pop-ala. (Choc, 37). This example illustrates third space, as Kook Liana is not comfortable being Chinese and wants to be white, furthermore she wants to dance like Shirley Temple. Therefore, it can be said that she is stuck between two cultures. Another example of how postcolonial terms apply to the novel through third space, can again be shown through he character Seeks. He struggles between following his grandmothers old traditional ways, as she practically raised him, and following his families new modern ways of living.. Father and SIAM said we must change, be modern, move forward, throw away the old. (Choc, 185). Thus it can be seen that the postcolonial term of third space is easily applied to the novel Jade Peony. Feminism, The belief that portrays woman as weaker or unequal to men. We will write a custom essay sample on Jade Peony: Post-Colonial Terms specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jade Peony: Post-Colonial Terms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jade Peony: Post-Colonial Terms specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This is relevant and can be applied to the novel Jade Peony by Ways Choc, through the character Pooh Pooh. It is seen clearly when Pooh Pooh was having flashbacks to her twisted past. Women of the rich Chin family who owned Pooh-Pooh were used to wielding the whip and bamboo rods as freely on their fourteen servants as on the oxen and pigs. (Choc, 7) This clearly shows how pooh pooh was undermined and treated unfairly in her past, because she was a woman. Another example of how postcolonial terms apply to the novel through feminism, can be shown through the character Kook Liana. It is clearly seen when Kook Liana is being told by Pooh Pooh that she is useless (Choc, 32) because she is a woman. Do not be born a girl-child (Choc, 27). This point shows Kook Liana being discriminated against as she is female, because within the Chinese culture it is said that women are weak. Another example of how postcolonial terms apply to the novel through feminism, can be shown through the character Stepmother. It is clearly seen regarding the issue of her children calling her Stepmother in replace of mother. She must have cast a glance at the Old One and decided to bide her time. (Choc, 6). This shows that she did not intentionally let her children call her Stepmother, but involuntarily operated to follow the Old Chinese traditions, even though two of the children were her own biologically. Thus it can be seen that the postcolonial term of feminism can easily be applied to the novel Jade Peony. Normalization, an action by means of which the dominant group rejects the minori ty. This is relevant and can be applied to the novel Jade peony by Ways Choc, through the effects of World War Two on the conflict between the Chinese and Japanese. For example, when the writer says Gangs of older, jobless boys roamed back Streets hunting for Japanese. (Choc, 196). Through this point It can clearly be seen that the war influences normalization. Young boys are being taught to hunt down Japanese for no apparent reason, teaching cultural bias and normalization from a young age. Another example of how postcolonial terms apply to the novel through normalization, can be shown through the character Seeks. It is clearly seen when Seeks explains how Chinese people are marginalia by employers solely because they are Chinese. Only because Canadian citizens could qualify as professionals. If you were Chinese, even if you were born in Canada you were an educated alien. (Choc, 158). Meaning that no matter how hard you may try to assimilate into society you will never have the same opportunities as others of the countries race. Another example Of how postcolonial terms apply to the novel through normalization, can be shown through Meaning and her relationship with Kazoo. It is clearly seen through when Seeks explains that Meaning and Kazoo relationship is secret as Kazoo is Japanese and Meaning is Chinese. Meaning and I never once openly discussed tit each other the understood and forbidden topic of her sneaking around to visit her boyfriend. (Choc, 259) But he was, after all, still a Jape. (Choc, 259). These quotes clearly show that the couple was marginalia by both Chinese and Japanese as it was forbidden to even think about having a relationship with a Chinese and vice-versa. Thus it can be seen that the postcolonial term of normalization can easily be applied to the novel Jade peony.